Styles in sculptures Essay Example for Free

Styles in sculptures Essay Romans and Greeks have created arts of antiquity. One of the major arts that they ever crafted are sculptures. They are pieces of art that hold diverse functions such as decoration of temples, celebration of the dead or well-known public figure, commemoration of victory and offer to the gods. Those sculptures carry a specific style in accordance to the period that they are made. The sculptures entitled Nike Adjusting Her Sandals and the Discus Thrower (Diskobolos), are two renowned sculptures that demonstrate richness and exceptional styles of Greek antiquity art. Nike Adjusting Her Sandals is a low relief statue carved during the 410-407 B. C by Praxiteles. It is taken from a portion and fragment of the Temple of Athena Nike Parapet (Scott). It delineates Nike, the goddess of victory, bending and stooping to fix a strap of her sandal. The artist reveals his enthusiasm in the discovery and exploration between the drapery and the female anatomy (Hope). The aforementioned stature demonstrates a relief kind of sculpture. It means that the subject has been drawn on a flat surface and further developed in order to achieve its physical form and appearance. It presents in varying degrees a two-dimensional background however, Praxiteles has managed to create a masterpiece where the figure is treated in a relief form but gives a three-dimensional effect on its spectators. Furthermore, the sculpture itself reveals the Greek Classical style of sculpture. It illustrates lively movement, freedom of expression and autonomy of mankind because it is the period when artists started to expand and go outside the formal aesthetic boundaries. They began to articulate human figures in a naturalistic manner (â€Å"Sculpture of the Greek Classical Period†). Nike Adjusting Her Sandal has clearly portrayed that form because the figure itself depicts Nike adjusting a strap of her sandal. It exemplifies freedom in expression because Praxiteles has chosen to create a subject that is exceptionally unfamiliar. He has decided to sculpt the very moment when Nike stoops down. Moreover, it gives an impression of movement within a space. On the other hand, the Discus Thrower (Diskobolos), a Roman version of the lost original Greek bronze sculpture, is created by Myron during the peak of the Classical period amidst 460-450 B. C. In the piece of art, a discus thrower is portrayed in a manner that is about to release his throw (â€Å"Discobolus†). The Discus Thrower is a round sculpture because the subject can be seen in any direction, in any angle, even from above, from below and from behind. It is also free-standing and is fully developed from all perspectives. It also characterizes a Classical style of sculpture primarily because of its subject and the manner that it is rendered. It represents a perfect athletic manifestation. Moreover, it reveals the contrapusto form of sculpture. The mentioned sculpture belongs in the Classical realm because the figure is carved in a realistic manner, portraying the action prior to the throw. Myron’s approach in his piece also illustrates freedom of articulation and boastful, vigorous and convincing movement. The thrower’s muscles and concentrated expression make a strong impression (â€Å"Marble Statue: Discus Thrower†) and lively effect on the spectator. Furthermore, the Discus Thrower is a powerful representation of the Greek sense of harmony and balance (Petronius). Myron divulges mastery of style. On the contrary, there are controversies with regards to the pose of the thrower. Consequently, it is said to delineate an unnatural pose to a human and is considered as an inefficient way to throw the discus. However, the inefficient posture is defended and considered to be because of the ancient Olympic sportsmen’s set of rotation of three quarters prior to the throw. The two sculptures namely Nike Adjusting Her Sandal and Discus Thrower are the same in style because both of them portray Classical sculpture. On the contrary, they are very much different because the two artists, Praxiteles and Myron, render their subjects differently which can be justified into several reasons. First, the types of sculpture that the two objects are presented. Nike Adjusting Her Sandal is a relief sculpture. In contrast, Discus Thrower is a round one. Second, their manifestations are not both natural, which means that the artists have not been loyal and devoted to nature. Nike Adjusting Her Sandal is rendered without a head. The only natural treatment with it is its intricate drapery. On the other hand, the Discus Thrower’s pose is considered to be unnatural. The natural element on it concentrates on the rendition of human figure—its physical features and characteristics. Nike Adjusting Her Sandal and Discus Thrower are primarily different because the former is created by a Greek and the latter is crafted by a Roman even though it is patterned from the original Greek sculpture. Moreover, the distinctions between them lie on their physical depictions even though they both demonstrate similar style. The Greek and Roman sculptures are powerful and strong illustrations of advanced artistic development of the period and of the continent. Nike Adjusting Her Sandal and Discus Thrower reveal the Classical style of sculpture and the two types of sculpture namely relief and round, during those times. Their respective artists present mastery in skills and styles. Praxiteles divulges his mastery in intricate and elaborate drapery. On the contrary, Myron expresses it on the contrapusto form of the figures. Works Cited â€Å"Discobolus. † 2009. Absolute Astronomy. 08 April 2009. http://www. absoluteastronomy. com/topics/Discobolus Hope, Kenneth. â€Å"Nike Adjusting Her Sandal, Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis.16 May 2007. What Do I Know? 08 April 2009. http://idliketocallyourattentionto. blogspot. com/2007/05/nike-adjusting-her-sandal-temple-of. html â€Å"Marble Statue: Discus Thrower. † 2009. Alibaba. com. 08 April 2009. http://www. alibaba. com/product-gs/204358242/Marble_statue_Discus_Thrower_. html Petronius, Satyricon. n. d. Diskobolos. 08 April 2009. http://penelope. uchicago. edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/museums/discobolus. html Scott, Zack â€Å"The Nike. † 4 December 1996. Visual Arts 11. 08 April 2009. http://orpheus. ucsd. edu/va11/nike. html.

The Physics of Flight Essay -- Airplanes Aerodynamics Science Essays

The Physics of Flight The trials and tribulations of flight have had their ups and downs over the course of history. From the many who failed to the few that conquered; the thought of flight has always astonished us all. The Wright brothers were the first to sustain flight and therefore are credited with the invention of the airplane. John Allen who wrote Aerodynamics: The Science of Air in Motion says, â€Å"The Wright Brothers were the supreme example of their time of men gifted with practical skill, theoretical knowledge and insight† (6). As we all know, the airplane has had thousands of designs since then, but for the most part the physics of flight has remained the same. As you can see, the failures that occurred while trying to fly only prove that flight is truly remarkable. Flight uses four forces: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. In a nutshell; so to speak, an airplane must create enough lift to support its own weight. Secondly, the airplane must produce thrust to propel itself. Finally, the aircraft must overcome the drag or the force of resistance on the airplane that is moving through the air. All four of these forces are vital and necessary for an aircraft to move, takeoff, fly, and land. Wings create lift for the upward force of an airplane. A great example of how this happens is sticking your hand out of a car window driving down the freeway. The force on your flat palm causes a force that can lift your hand up or down by changing the angles of your wrist. Another way to explain this is by the concept of the Bernoulli Effect. According to Kirkpatrick and Wheeler; authors of Physics: A World View, the concept of lift is due to the Bernoulli Effect. They state: â€Å"The upper surfaces of airplane wings are curved ... ...e in any one of these forces leads to a change in the others† (139). A pilot can use many different controls and means of propulsion to change and manipulate the balance of these forces. By doing this the pilot is able to change their speed and change their direction. The Physics of Flight are truly unbelievable occurrences that create amazing effects. Without the concept of flight we would live in a totally different world. Works Cited Allen, John. Aerodynamics: The Science of Air in Motion. London: Granada Publishing Limited, 1982. Kirkpatrick, Larry, and Gerald F. Wheeler. Physics: A World View. 4th ed. Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers, 2001. Shevell, Richard. Fundamentals of Flight. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989. â€Å"How an Airplane Flies,† Microsoft  ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia 2003 http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2003 Microsoft Corporation.

Elementary School Conduct Essay

Keeping in mind the fact that the beginning years of a child’s academic education build the foundation of his future life, this school holds certain policies, which aim to provide an effective learning climate where students are trained to develop social skills and gain responsibility. This paper outlines those policies as well as presents a number of academic and behavioral standards that should be maintained by the school members at all times. Academic Standards The academic syllabus of our school stresses on three chief study courses: †¢ Skill development of different forms of communication, which include comprehensive reading and listening, good legible handwriting, and speaking power. †¢ Providing an appropriate understanding of the use of numbers and the significance of basic calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) in our daily lives. †¢ Development of relationship building skills, which give the students a chance to interact with people outside their home and expand their social circle. Moreover, as these students are new to the academic world, our school makes it mandatory to construct such a syllabus that widens their conception of the world they live in. In view of this notion, students from Grade-1 to Grade-6 are taught about love at home, neighbor and classmate relationships, relationship between one’s own society and the others, the state and country they live in, and lastly, information about the rest of the world, respectively. In addition, character building and teamwork is encouraged throughout the elementary level. (McCarthy, 1990) Behavioral Standards In order to create a disciplined and comfortable learning environment for the students, our school requires all school members to appreciate and conform to the following rules and regulations regarding their conduct at the facility: †¢ Honor the attributes and integrity of themselves and other people present at the school. †¢ Hold a fair attitude to everyone at school avoiding any form of discrimination whether it is racial, cultural, gendered, ethnic, etc. †¢ Communicate in a decent fashion avoiding any form of profanity or obscene gestures. †¢ Avoid an attitude that is hurtful, discriminatory or unacceptable in any other form, to anyone at school. †¢ Everyone should be dressed in compliance with the dressing code of the school. †¢ Commodities belonging to the school or any other person should be dealt with proper care. †¢ Appreciate the different tasks assigned to the various employees working at the school. †¢ Avoid carrying any form of harmful instruments inside the school building. †¢ Avoid consumption of any substance that could cause to lose your actual demeanor. Members of the school failing to comply with the above rules will have to face consequences in accordance with intensity and frequency of their offences. (Student Services Division, 2001) Professional Relationships The teachers at our school are trained to cooperate and work jointly with the parents in order to augment the learning abilities of students both at school and home. Moreover, our school works conjointly with various professionals and organizations to build a healthier learning climate for the students. Roles & Responsibilities Students: †¢ Should avail every chance to learn offered to them, and study to the best of their abilities. †¢ Should come to school regularly and attend all classes, reporting any reason for an absence. †¢ Should understand and follow all the rules, and face the consequences of any misconduct. †¢ Should handle school or any other individual’s property with appropriate care. †¢ Should participate in creating a secure and suitable learning climate for the pupils. Parents: †¢ Should extend any hand required to expand their children’s learning abilities. †¢ Should encourage their students to comply with all the rules and standards of the school. †¢ Should have regular meetings with the teachers on their child’s overall progress. †¢ Should make sure that their children are well fed and physically fit for school. †¢ Should cooperate with the teachers in providing their children with quality education. Teachers: †¢ Should provide a keen knowledge and understanding of the syllabus assigned to them. †¢ Should use techniques that provide a quicker and better understanding of the subject. †¢ Should compare the results and use the more influential teaching method. †¢ Should devise various plans and strategies for students that require special attention. †¢ Should discuss with students their academic progress, and give advice for its enhancement. †¢ Should take every action necessary to maintain a healthy and disciplined working climate. †¢ Should make an effort to create respect, in the minds of the students for any race, minority, religion or country found anywhere in the world.†¢ Should maintain a healthy classroom at all times (Student Services Division, 2001) Works Cited 1. McCarthy, William G. (1990). Elementary School. In The World Book Encyclopedia (Vol. 6, pp. 223). Chicago: World Book, Inc. 2. School Code of Conduct. (2001). Student Services Division. Retrieved July 27, 2008, from Nova Scotia Department of Education. Website: http://www. ednet. ns. ca/pdfdocs/studentsvcs/code_of_conduct/conduct. pdf

Frederick Douglass An Influential Orator - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1320 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frederick Douglass Essay Did you like this example? Frederick Douglass is widely known as one of the more influential orators and figures for abolitionists during the times of slavery. While a slave, Douglass tirelessly planned his escape from the appalling conditions he had endured since his early childhood. Whipped, manipulated and deprived of human rights, Douglass had every right to feel that his terrible situation would never improve. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Frederick Douglass: An Influential Orator" essay for you Create order Slowly but surely, Douglass equipped himself with the social skills and economic capital to escape from the South into the freedom of the North. Douglass eas influenced by the significance of the physical beatings he witnessed, including that of Aunt Hester. One of his owners, Mr. Auld, shares his belief that allowing slaves to read would endanger his ability to continue the plantation. The last significant event that Douglass experiences would be his sale to the breaker Mr. Covey. All three events signify a clear and malicious attempt made by white slaveowners to deny African Americans their rights, for their own personal gain. Much of Douglass childhood is detailed in his narrative. As a child, Douglass was separated from his family, his mother had died early on in his life likely from the physical and mental toll of slavery and he also believed his slave owner was his father. One could argue that the separation was deliberate, and meant to cause emotional pain for the child as well as the parent. The mother would have to obey the slaveowner because they could beat the child if the mother or father did not obey. At that point in history, most people knew and realized that slaves had little to no education available. Douglass did not have the social awareness nor the intellectual ability to understand what was going on, or why slavery was out of the ordinary. Thus, one of the first significant events that shaped Douglass occurred when Aunt Hester was brutally whipped in front of him. Even from a neutral point of view, the idea of relentlessly attacking another human being, let alone an innocent woman, is a disgusting idea. White men and women who were on plantations used physical violence to deter slaves from insurrections. One has to ask themselves if you could not prevent someone from doing an action by merely convincing them on your own, was the action itself truly morally justifiable? Douglass was young and still in his formative years, so he was still making his judgments about the relationship between the slave owner and the slave. There are references to how quickly Douglass noticed and learned about the violent dynamic, and how he detested the idea that even when you told the truth as a slave, you were still beaten. White slaveowner thought that by beating their slaves, that they would teach young, formative slaves lik e Douglass to obey. These were the experiences, among others, in which Douglass began to realize that the dynamic made no sense from a logical or moral perspective. The second event that was significant and proves the corruption of the white slaveowner is the conversations between Douglass and Mr. Auld about the power of reading. Douglass engages in an extramarital relationship with Sophia Auld, who is married to Mr. Auld. She provides care and primary education to Douglass, likely out of compassion. Sophia Aulds actions contrast entirely with the actions of her abusive husband, Mr. Auld. Mr. Auld tells Douglass and other slaves that if they learn to read, slaves will become useless because they will be depressed and unmanageable. At this point, Douglass is now old enough to understand and make moral judgments about what his slaveowners say. The first significant event in his childhood was observing beatings like that of Aunt Hester, seeded a natural distrust between Douglass and his slaveowners. Their reasoning is detestable, as they surely know that reading and having an understanding of what is going on outside of the plantation would lead to a loss of control which would be catastrophic for the economy of the south. Douglass understands that the slaveowners preventing slaves from learning to read or learn is part of a deliberate plan to suppress African American freedom, and as a result the relationship between Douglass and the slaveowners becomes fractured. One could argue that Sophia Auld indirectly inspired Douglass to truly see the corruption of the slave-slaveowner relationship. Douglass learns a lot of valuable lessons from this, as he begins to learn how to read despite the physical abuse that he gets as a result. He realizes that to be successful, he will need to learn how to read, obtain informat ion, and plan his escape. Both events fostered and seeded distrust between Douglass and his slaveowners. Their lack of respect, and deliberate mistreatment and mismanagement of the slaves, only exacerbated this. Douglass returns the favor by showing them no respect and regularly planning for how he can escape from the plantation. He eventually becomes educated enough to completely comprehend and loathe his treatment and how he is valued as property, which further causes distrust in his relationship with the Auldrs son and daughter. The final straw for Douglass, and final event to analyze, is Douglass beatings at the hand of the breaker Mr. Covey. Covey is much more outright with his abuse of slaves, including Douglass. He beats Douglass regularly because he feels that Douglass is awkward. If Douglass was a useful slave, and his demeanor simply pissed off the owner, what was the point of beating him? It would do nothing but anger Douglass to a point where he could no longer tolerate the condition. Eventually, the move backfired on Covey, because Douglass fought back and attacked Covey to the point that he had surrendered. There was no punishment because Covey knew his role as an enforcer would be questioned if they knew Douglass had been successful in beating him up. The whole situation and dynamic is proven to be pointless and easily backfires on the slaveowner. Eventually, slaveowners would learn that the only way to stop the abuse is to fight back. When a stronger, more intellectual slave can do it, the other slaves quickly realize that the owner is weak and susceptible. Even if the owner managed to deter or beat the winning slave back into submission, they would lose their credibility and continuously have to wonder whether or not other slaves will attack them at any given time. The irony of the situation is that when Douglass can speak with his slaveowner that he had been loaned from, the slaveowner sends him back to the place that has been abusing him for no reason. One could argue that the actions by Thomas Auld drove Douglass to a fundamental breaking point. Douglass realizes that he can no longer be used as an example to others. He recalls the situation with Aunt Hester and does not want to be the man who is beaten in front of a child. He wants to inspire others, and teach them that what was going on was not acceptable and that they needed to take action to improve their condition. Douglass is imprisoned after his initial attempts to escape, but eventually learns and figures out how to make his way New Bedford in the North. Everyone in contemporary society knows that slavery is wrong. It violated the human rights of the slave and was in no way justifiable for the slaveowner. The idea of beating a slave, let alone in front of a young child, would eventually inspire slaves to realize that what was going on was considered cruel and disgusting. The slaveowners themselves knew that if the slaves were educated, they would begin to revolt because they could understand they too should have the same rights as their slaveowners. Fredrick Douglass paved the way for other slaves to take up arms and fight for what was right, and as a result, he will always be remembered for it.